More Bayesianism in Torah Literature

We have mentioned the Chazon Ish already.

Another example is the various (often Chassidic) statements similar to the one by Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Kalischer (in a letter to Rabbi Chaim Elazar Waks):

ויש לראות גודל התכלית הזה שהקלי’ גוברת גם בצדיקים היותר גדולים לבטל הטוב הזה…

That is, the greater they are, the greater the proof against their own position…